The first documented translation of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese occurs in 148 CE with the arrival of the Parthian prince-turned-monk, An Shigao (Ch. The Tibetan Mahayana tradition started in the 7th century CE, inheriting the full historical development of Indian Buddhism. Merchants then spread Buddhism to foreign encounters as they traveled. [8] These later formed the basis of Theravada Buddhism. In addition, from the 2nd century CE, Indian forms of Mahayana Buddhism spread to Vietnam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Sumatra and Java along the sea trade route from India to South China.

"These two Sanskrit terms, given in the Chinese text in phonetic transcription, refer to lay adepts and to Buddhist monks, respectively"; The (8th century) fresco discovered in the, Hill (2009), p. 30, for the Chinese text from the, Samad, Rafi-us, The Grandeur of Gandhara. In the mid-3rd century BCE, for example, Buddhism spread throughout northern India as a result of the personal endorsement of King Ashoka.

The earliest direct references to Buddhism concern the 1st century AD, but they include hagiographical elements and are not necessarily reliable or accurate. "The Religious and Intellectual Background", in. The most famous of the Chinese pilgrims is Xuanzang (629–644), whose large and precise translation work defines a "new translation period", in contrast with older Central Asian works. Last modified November 11, 2016. The Chinese form of Mahayana later spread to Korea, Japan and Vietnam. Other Hinayana schools spread to modern-day Pakistan, Afghanistan, eastern and coastal Iran, and Central Asia. The Buddhism transmitted to Southeast Asia is based on the Tamrashatiya school based in Sri Lanka, with translations from Pali into languages like Thai, Burmese, etc.

According to legend, his mother swallowed a pearl and became pregnant with Doseon Guksa.

The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys, p. 234, Foltz, "Religions of the Silk Road", pp. The Buddhism transmitted to China is based on the Sarvastivada school, with translations from Sanskrit to the Chinese languages and Tibetic languages. Whenever it reached a new culture, the Buddhist methods and styles were freely modified to fit the local mentality, without compromising the essential points of wisdom and compassion.

Eventually, these were further reduced to the single school o…

"To Liu Ying and the Chinese devotees at his court the "Buddhist" ceremonies of fasting and sacrifices were probably no more than a variation of existing Daoist practices; this peculiar mixture of Buddhist and Daoist elements remains characteristic of Han Buddhism as a whole."[26].

Often it developed in these regions organically, because of local interest in foreign merchant’s Buddhist beliefs. Compare the account in, Learn how and when to remove this template message, A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin, https://web.archive.org/web/20140303182232/http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/glossaries/files/soothill-hodous.ddbc.pdf, Land Route or Sea Route? From the 4th century onward, Chinese pilgrims also started to travel on the Silk Road to India, the origin of Buddhism, by themselves in order to get improved access to the original scriptures.

Another organic method was through the slow cultural assimilation of a conquering people, such as the Greeks into the Buddhist society of Gandhara in present-day central Pakistan, during the centuries following the 2nd century BCE.

These forms of Hinayana were later combined with Mahayana aspects that came through this same route from India, with the Mahayana eventually becoming the dominant form of Buddhism in China and most of Central Asia. This decision was based on an experience one night in a cave when he drank from a cup by the light of the moon. Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Southeast Asian traditions of Buddhism continued.

Buddhism arrived first in the northern kingdom of Koguryo and gradually spread to Paekje, in the southwest, finally reaching southeastern Shilla in the 5 th century A.D. Koguryo In 372 A.D., a monk was invited from China to the northern Kingdom of Koguryo. As of 2019, China by far had the largest population of Buddhists in the world at nearly 250 million; Thailand comes second at around 70 million (see Buddhism by country).

[4][5] The first documented translation efforts by Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE via the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory bordering the Tarim Basin under Kanishka.

A variety of forms of Buddhism developed as people in the different lands it reached emphasized one or another aspect of the teachings.

Shakyamuni Buddha told people not to follow his teachings out of blind faith, but to only do so after examining them carefully. Xuanzang (629–644) and Hyecho traveled from Korea to India.[18]. As he had predicted, on his death, Buddhism came to be accepted. The Emperor, to discover the true doctrine, sent an envoy to Tianzhu (Northwestern India) to inquire about the Buddha's doctrine, after which paintings and statues [of the Buddha] appeared in the Middle Kingdom. [8], Theravada Buddhism developed from the Pāli Canon in Sri Lanka Tamrashatiya school and spread throughout Southeast Asia. After the unification of the country by the kingdom of Silla in the 660s, Buddhism flourished throughout Korea. Zürcher (1972), p. 27. [23] Others disagree, "As far as we can gather from the inscriptions [Ashoka] was ignorant of the very existence of China."[24]. Buddhism in Goryeo Korea was directly responsible for the development of printing for it was to spread Buddhist literature that woodblock printing improved and then movable metal type was invented in 1234 CE. Thirty-seven of these early translators of Buddhist texts are known. Won hyo spent his life travelling about the kingdom introducing Buddhism to the common people & spreading his message that a life of ascetic meditation was not necessary to reach nirvana.

The nomads complained to the authorities, and the overbearing teacher was punished and exiled.

Jinul's unifying and inclusive form of Buddhism is known as Jogye Buddhism, and it became the official state religion of Korea with its centre at the Songgwangsa temple near modern-day Suncheon. He spent the rest of his life travelling about the kingdom introducing Buddhism to the common people and spreading his message that a life of ascetic meditation was not necessary to reach nirvana. At present, the most well-known and internationally respected of these authorities is His Holiness the Dalai Lama of Tibet. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.

[10] Few remnants of the original Sanskrit remain. This process also occurred with Buddhism in the oasis states along the Silk Route in Central Asia, during the two centuries before and after the common era. The Buddha’s teachings spread peacefully across the Indian subcontinent, and from there far and wide throughout Asia. Uicheon (aka Uichon or Taegak Kuksa) lived between 1055 and 1101 CE and was the fourth son of King Munjong of the Goryeo kingdom. After noting Tianzhu envoys coming by sea through Rinan (日南, Central Vietnam) and presenting tribute to Emperor He of Han (r. 89-105 CE) and Emperor Huan of Han (r. 147-167 CE), it summarizes the first "hard evidence" about Prince Ying and the "official" story about Emperor Ming:[33].


[citation needed], It is only from the 4th century CE that Chinese Buddhist monks started to travel to India to discover Buddhism first-hand.

The visiting monks would not pressure others to convert, but would just simply make the Buddha’s teachings available, allowing people to choose for themselves.

The Chinese form of Mahayana later spread to Korea, Japan and Vietnam. Highly sinicized forms of syncretism can also be found on the eastern portions of the Tarim Basin, such as in Dunhuang. Instead, each country to which it spread developed its own forms, its own religious structure, and its own spiritual head.

"[35], Since Han histories do not mention Emperor Ai having contacts with the Yuezhi, scholars disagree whether this tradition "deserves serious consideration",[36] or can be "reliable material for historical research". The Han victory in the Han–Xiongnu War further secured the route from northern nomads of the Eurasian Steppe. Often, the dissemination was due primarily to the influence of a powerful monarch who had adopted and supported Buddhism himself. Alexander the Great established Hellenistic kingdoms (323 BC - 63 BC) and trade networks extending from the Mediterranean to Central Asia (furthest eastern point being Alexandria Eschate).

Other times he would send monks as envoys at his own initiative. Strange and extraordinary marvels occur such that human reason is suspended. Jinul (aka Bojo Chinul, Pojo Kuksa, or Chinul) lived from 1158 to 1210 CE, and he acquired a number of names over his lifetime including 'ox-tender' (Moguja) and 'universal light' (Pojo), with the former referring to the '10 ox pictures' of Buddhist art where the ox is a metaphor for Buddha.
Buddhism in Central Asia began to decline in the 7th century in the course of the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana. Famous Buddhist Monks of Ancient Korea.

Buddha’s aim was merely to help others overcome the unhappiness and suffering that they were creating for themselves, due to their lack of understanding of reality.

"[43] The golden statue was later moved to the Yunyang 雲陽 Temple, near the royal summer palace Ganquan 甘泉 (modern Xianyang, Shaanxi). Meanwhile, Sarvastivada Buddhism was transmitted from North India through Central Asia to China.

After studying under many different masters, Won Hyo went to China to study more on Buddhism, but he abandoned his trip before he even got there.

The great scholar is said to have amassed a library of 5,000 books and he contributed a portion of the famous Tripitaka, a complete collection of all Buddhist scriptures, which was dedicated to indigenous texts from China, Japan, and Goryeo (Sok Changgyong).

Other religious kings, such as the 16th century Mongol potentate Altan Khan, invited Buddhist teachers to their realm and proclaimed Buddhism the official creed of the land, in order to help unify their people and consolidate their rule. The Book of the Later Han biography of Liu Ying, the King of Chu, gives the oldest reference to Buddhism in Chinese historical literature.

Initially horrified, he then reasoned that his revulsion was only a state of mind and so he felt he had learned what he was searching for on his travels.

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