The Typhoons of the Chinese Seas in the Year 1881. The storm killed an estimated 20,000 people in the Philippines, making it the deadliest storm in the history of the country. There were erroneous reports that the typhoon was the third-deadliest tropical cyclone on record with a death toll of 300,000, but this was likely due to mixing the death toll with the damage total, as the city only had a population of 18,480 in 1897. In the 1880s, splitting was a phenomenon believed to have affected other typhoons that had passed over the mountains of Formosa (Taiwan). IBTrACS. The typhoon killed about 3,000 people in Haiphong, Vietnam. Morphometric analysis of tropical storm and hurricane tracks in the North Atlantic basin using a sinuosity‐based approach. Suggested paths of the ‘terrific Tongking typhoon’ of early October 1881 as interpreted by Dechevrens (1882) from the weather logs of several steamships that encountered the storm and were able to record barometric pressure and wind direction ( SS Fleurs Castle, Quinta, Tong‐ting, HMS Magpie, Kang‐chi). Although Hanoi is protected against river inundation by a well‐designed system of dykes, in November 2008 parts of the city experienced flash floods after more than 500 millimetres of rain. By the time the typhoon passed, most of the town was wiped out. Whilst these data sources do not represent complete records, particularly for the period 1881–1945, the absence of reports of seriously damaging storm surges on the Red River delta in this period (during French colonisation) indicates that no such typhoon (with intensity exceeding Saffir‐Simpson Category 1, travelling northwards to the west of Hainan) has occurred since. By the time the typhoon landed in 1881, the town was still a young port established by the French in 1874. Deep inland penetration of the storm surge along distributary channels is evident at the bottom left of the image. The China Sea Directory, Vol II: Hydrographic Department, British Admiralty. Its geography only worsened the damage. The cyclone smashed into the Gulf of Tonkin, setting off tidal waves that flooded the city of Haiphong in northeastern Vietnam, caused widespread destruction, and killed an estimated 300,000 inhabitants. We suggest not. Map sheet at 1:20,000 and 1:10,000 scales. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: Vulnerability of Vietnam to typhoons: A spatial assessment based on hazards, exposure and adaptive capacity. Learn about our remote access options, Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Center for Remote Sensing and Geomatics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam. Perhaps not surprisingly, due to the storm's ferocity and the awful tragedy reported, the 1881 Tonkin typhoon receives attention in the Encyclopaedia Britannica (2011), as well as other published volumes including the Encyclopaedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones (Longshore, 2008) and the Encyclopedia of Disasters (Gunn, 2007). Haiphong, Vietnam, in the Gulf of Tonkin, lies directly in one of the most frequently used paths for those Pacific typhoons that originate in and around the Philippines and reach the Asian mainland through the Gulf of Tonkin. In the light of this horrendous figure, the disaster is often ranked as the third‐deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded, outclassed only by Cyclone Bhola in 1970 that overwhelmed Bangladesh on the Ganges‐Brahmaputra delta (300 000–500 000 fatalities) and the Calcutta‐ Cyclone that struck the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent in 1737 causing dreadful flooding of the Hooghly River (possibly 300 000 fatalities). The corridor between Haiphong and Hanoi is one of Vietnam's most heavily industrialised areas, and Haiphong itself is one of southeast Asia's principal ports. The typhoon that arrived on September 15, 1881, was … This was a particularly intense storm for the Gulf of Tonkin1. Based on JTWC2 advisories and the IBTrACS data (NOAA, 2011), there has not been a storm comparable in terms of intensity and track to the Tonkin typhoon since 1881. This highly atypical path avoided disruptive land influences, so reducing the chance of the typhoon losing intensity before making landfall on the mainland. A monstrous typhoon struck Haiphong, Vietnam, killing 300,000. Towards resilient flood risk management for Asian coastal cities: Lessons learned from Hong Kong and Singapore. But most river dykes are built of soil, and although some are concreted, it is estimated that only 36% of the total length of all dykes is of solid construction. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1881_Haiphong_typhoon&oldid=986166973. Haiphong also ravaged tDai Nam (now known as Vietnam), leaving more than a whopping 300,000 people dead.

Modern boundaries and place names are used. On quantifying the sinuosity of typhoon tracks in the western North Pacific basin. Best Track Data. Included in this report are excerpts from newspaper articles published in L'Ere Nouvelle of Saigon, compiled from the original letters of Haiphong residents who estimated that 3000 was the tally of persons drowned and that the value of rice lost or damaged amounted to 300 000 dollars. Contents. However, Haiphong still serves as a port (and a major one today), so any large storms will harm the economy.

Charts of Remarkable Typhoons in the Philippines 1902–1934. [2] Formed east of Southern Luzon on September 27, 1881.

in excess of 3000 people). By the time the storm traversed the island of Luzon on 30 September its increasing strength was already sufficient to cause loss of life and disrupt shipping.

Clearly, if a storm similar to the 1881 Tonkin typhoon were to recur, widespread urban flash flooding might well hit Hanoi. For this reason, we believe that after 3 October the actual track probably lay somewhere in between the two tracks originally suggested by Dechevrens. The Gulf of Tonkin is one of the most frequently used paths for Pacific typhoons to strike the Asian Mainland. The name of the city Hài Phòng means ‘sea defence’ in Vietnamese, probably with reference to its strategic position at the northeast edge of the Red River delta. Typhoon Parma, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Pepeng, was the second typhoon to affect the Philippines within the span of a week during September 2009.. Typhoon Parma was assigned the name Pepeng by PAGASA when it entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility days after Typhoon Ketsana wreaked havoc on the country.

It has three times the death toll of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda). Once it was in the South China Sea, its power increased again as it entered into the Gulf of Tonkin, avoiding anymore land before it hit the gulf's coast. Herein lies the most probable source of the error – various encyclopaedias and online sources appear to have mistakenly substituted the cost of damages for the number of human casualties. NOAA Satellite and Information Service, World Data Center for Meteorology: Asheville, NC.

Evidence to the contrary can first be found in the history of Haiphong itself, which was a small market and fishing town prior to French occupation in 1874. See text for details. Once it was in the South China Sea, its power increased again as it entered into the Gulf of Tonkin, avoiding anymore land before it hit the gulf's coast. While the storm's category and strength is uncertain (like many disasters prior to the 20th century), records show that the storm developed near the Philippines in late September and by the time it hit Luzon (Philippine island) on September 30, it was already strong enough to cause casualties and disrupt society. Examples of tropical storms and typhoons (i.e. If the storm surge arrives at about the time of high tide in the Gulf of Tonkin, which has a tidal range of four metres in the northern part and two metres in the south (Van Maren and Hoekstra, 2004), the base level of the regional drainage network will be temporarily raised by the surge height at the coast. About 300000 people were killed in and around Haiphong by the typhoon alone (casualties likely went up even in the storm's passing due to disease and starvation ), and estimated 10,000–20,000 deaths in the modern territory of the Philippines, making it the deadliest Philippine typhoon ever recorded. (Author unknown. Note the low density of population in the marshy areas near the river (rizières means rice field). Moreover, perhaps the most convincing argument is uncovered in The Typhoons of the Chinese Seas in the Year 1881 (Dechevrens, 1882), which gives the earliest and most thorough account of the typhoon and the devastation it produced.

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