He describes the women in the harem as having "no role in public life, no role in religious life, no feelings of patriotism, and no feelings". [10] “When it comes to that, the problem is not the niqab, it is being married to someone who is possessive and oppressive.”. You have no item in your shopping cart. Niqab-wearers are mostly found in Arab countries such as those in the Middle East. [32], The minister's ban on the niqāb has been interpreted by many Islamists as an indication of his hostility to Islamic fundamentalism. Or they feel covering up will identify them to the world as a Muslim woman. The dupatta is a long scarf draped across the head and shoulders, and is often accompanied by matching garments. [30], Over the past two decades in which the niqāb has begun to be seen in Egypt's streets, the debate about whether the niqāb is appropriate has resulted in high emotional responses from society and a media storm surrounding it. During this time, wearing a face veil was described as "a national Egyptian dress for upper-class women" and it was called al-habara. In 2018, the government passed a law banning the wearing of full face-veils, called burqas or niqabs, for women at work. Hoda Shaarawi (1879–1947), a pioneer Egyptian feminist and nationalist, who was married to Ali Shaarawi, a leading political activist, is described in her memoirs as one of the last upper-class Egyptian women to live in the segregated life of the harem. [5] Having to attend to their work in the villages and the city, it was impossible to inhibit their movement with seclusion or cover their faces like the elite women. [7], For elite male nationalists as for the colonisers, the veil and segregation symbolised the backwardness and inferiority of Islamic society. The recent debates about the niqāb in Egypt have initiated and added on to other Arab and European governments discussing the ban of the niqāb. In 2007, the court ruled that the American University in Cairo was wrong to bar a woman who wears the niqāb from using its facilities. [48]

For example, only one day after news of Tantawi's possible ban hit the media, Italy's Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi and his right-wing coalition, the anti-immigration Northern League party, or the Lega Nord presented a proposal to ban the niqāb. [32], In 2000, a controversy around the niqāb erupted in the private American University in Cairo (AUC) when a student wished to be fully face-veiled—at the time unprecedented at the institution. In what would prove to be his final speech, Sadat ridiculed the Islamic garb worn by pious women, which he called a "tent". [32] The well-known Islamist lawyer, Montasser el-Zayat, tried and won over twenty-five niqāb-related cases in the lower courts.

[27] [51] Italian politicians leading the charge quoted Tantawi in support of their goal. [17] Those who joined the religious movement were called mitdayyinin (pl. 99. In 2001, AUC formally declared a ban on the niqāb. However, it may be worn with a separate eye veil. The hijab covers the hair and chest and is common among Muslim women in South East Asia. In 1961, Nasser made traditional religious institutions, such as the division of Religious Endowments and the Islamic University of al-Azhar parts of the state bureaucracy. Finding schools and universities as primary sources of Islamic militancy, the government has designated education as an issue of "national security" and has initiated policies around the niqab to counter the threat of fundamentalism. By the 1980s, as the religious movement became more of an oppositional political force, the word mitdayyinin was replaced by Islamiyyin, or Islamist. The use of the term burka in Australia is often confused with what is actually the niqab.

Although the phenomenon of wearing the niqāb, a veil which covers the face is not as common, the niqab in Egypt has become more prevalent.

After incidents of Islamist terrorism in Egypt, the Egyptian state under Hosni Mubarak increasingly instituted reforms to regulate Islamic practices and ensure that they take a state-endorsed form. Hijab is also a … I wear it for cultural reasons, but there are many women who wear it for religious reasons.”. “The niqab is more accurate; people rarely wear the burka in Australia,” Dr Ismail said. However, the niqāb has had a long and contentious history in Egyptian society. Parents argued that wearing the hijab or niqāb is a religious freedom for the children to wear what they want to wear. [22] However, complaints by sophisticated mothers about their daughters who wore Islamic garb depicts that this movement was not limited to the lower middle class. In protest to the ban, over twenty students wore protective facial masks asserting that they were wearing the masks simply to protect them from the H1N1 virus.

[22] [20], After Nasser's death in 1970, Anwar Sadat (1918–1981) established his political legitimacy by countering the left. Qasim Amin (1863–1908), a Western-educated Egyptian lawyer and jurist, was one of the founders of the Egyptian nationalist movement and was one of the main figures in the turn-of-the-century debate on women and society. [22] Originally published at www.abc.net.au on September 23, 2014. This book is widely considered the beginning of the battle of the veil that agitated the Arab press. Controversies over the niqāb appear to have emerged in Egypt's recent history. [14] [17] Especially after the disillusionment brought by the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the Islamists steadily increased their influences and popularity in universities such as Cairo University. [26] The Islamists were also inflamed by a new law, sponsored by the president's wife, Jihan Sadat, that granted women the right to divorce in 1979.

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